2
  -2023
..  

(  )
:      : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.            
 
2.      
-
3.        
4.        
-
5.          
6.           
2
-
7.   -    
8.        :

90-94
1
85-89
4
80-84
2
75-79
8
70-74
6
65-69
9
60-64
14
55-59
6
50-54
4
45-49
3
40-44
3
=60
2
  -2023
..  

(  )
:      : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.            
 
:           
-:   ?
   
     ,         '
-   ,    -  ,      
        
       ?
       ?       
  ?
      -       
         ,       
  , , , ,          
      ,  ,  ,    -  
   
       
    
""       :
""      
2
""      
 ,        ,  ,     
     :
"        "
       :
 - 
   ,   , , , , 
  -    ,  ,  , 
   
      :
               
   , 
  :
 
  ?
    ?
      ?
                 ?
      

   ,  ,  
            
        ,  
   

   
  ?
                  
       ,     
   
            
              , 

 
 ,       ,     
      !
 ,                
  '   
2
   
             
  
    
       :
 
  



 
   
      :
1.  
        
   '    
:      
:         
2.  
      '   
-,  
,    
  
         
    
    
:"           ?"
  () 

   
 ,       ( , - 
 200  )
   
2
     (-  - )
 
    , ,     
     
         
   
 :  , "65%    2        
      "
   
󷃆󼽢 :         
󷃆󼽢 :    ,    
󷃆󼽢  :     
󷃆󼽢    :        , 
   
   
󽅂   :    
 
󽅂 :     
󽅂  
:  ,         
󽅂 :   
,       

-    
     :
   -              
    , ,        
 
          ,  
  ,        
2
:    
   
 -  ,       
 ,               
   
    ,        Google Forms,
SurveyMonkey,            - 
    
 
     ,       - 
    
,       
       
       
 
        
       
      
     , ,       

     ,            

2.      
:  :   
   
              ,  
           ,       
  
? 
       ,   
         
           ,    ,
    ,            
󷉃󷉄   ?
          '   
    
    - , , ,   -    
2
        , ,     ,

    '    
 
 ,  =  +  + 
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
     :
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     
  
           
,   
 ()       ()  
 
          
""        
   ()  ()         
   
󷨕󷨓󷨔   
 20
       ,   
   ,       ,    -
(   ) '          
     '     
    ""     ""    
󷽰󷽱󸚌󷽲󷽳󷽴󷽵󷽶󸚍󷽷󸚎󸚏󷽸󷽹󸚐󷽺󷽻󸚑󸚒󷽼󷽽󷽾󷽿󷾀󷾁󷾂󷾃󷾄󷾅󷾆󷾇󷾈󷾉󸚓    
1.  .  -   
  1913     "      " 
            ( )   
          
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  :   
   , ,            
   ( )     
2
2.   -  
     ,  
,      
 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  :   
    '   (  )       
              ,    
   -           
3.   -  
              
              
 
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  :  
  ,    ()     ()     
            
4.   -   
      ,   :
"             ,   
    ,        "
         ,       
 
󷃆󹸊󹸋    
          :
1.   ( )
 
  
:            
   :
   (UCS): (  '    )
2
   (UCR): ( )
  (CS): (  )
  (CR):    ( )
2.   ( )
  
          
    :
 


 
  
     
 
   
 
       
 
  
     
 
    
      
󼨻󼨼   

      
        (  , )  
 
-
             , 
  
 ( )
        
  (-- )    
    
2

   (  , )   ,      
   
󷗛󷗜   
   ,           
   
 ,      

  
               

   
            -   
  
   ,       
       
󼨐󼨑󼨒   
        
,      
      ,      ,   
  
, , ,         
     ,        ( 
    ),       !
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
             
      ,  
    
                ,
       
 -    
2
   , 
 , ,       
           
    

 -  
    
-
3.        
:    
(









)
󷉃󷉄    :     
             6    
   
 -       
    
-         ,     ,    
          ,    
       -   
       -   ,      
 ,  
  ,  
     
 ,    
        
󷃆󼽢   
  ,    
       
 ,                   -
    '              
 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  :
"           
   , 
     ,      "
󹸯󹸭󹸮   
     :
1. -       ( ,     )
2
2. -    '      (    '  
)
3.  -            

  (       )
󷊄󷊅󷊆󷊇󷊈󷊉   
     :
1.  
  
  
     
 
     
    ,  
 
   ,   
2.  
  
  
            ,
            
󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍  :      
,        -   -   
           ,      
       " "   ,    
          -     
 
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹  :
             ( 
  )      
        -  
󷑏󷑐󷑍󷑎 1.   
   
    '          -
,     ,  
      -  
 -    
󹺧󹺨󹺩󹺪󹺫     :
        
2
    ,   (  )      

       
   ,         
󻑆󻑋󻑇󻑈󻑉󻑊 2.   
 ,         ,      -  ,   

󼨐󼨑󼨒     :
      
      ,         
       
     ,     
󺉨󺅜󺉩󺉪󺉥󺉦󺉧 3. 
 
                ?  
   
  
  ,            

  
  ,         
 ' 
  
    
    
󻦕󻦖󻦗󻦘󻦙󻦚󻦛󻦜 4.  
 
    ,         ,  
 
       
      (
37°C)     
     
   
      ,
           
2
󺇵󺇤󺇥󺇦󺇧󺇨󺇩󺇪󺇫󺇬󺇭󺇮󺇯󺇰󺇱󺇲󺇳󺇴 5.   
               
 
     ,          -  
    
             
󹰎󹰏󹰐󹰑 6.  
            
   
  ,       
     
 
       -     
  
󹖴󹖵󹖪󹖫󹖬󹖭󹖮󹖯󹖰󹖱󹖲󹖶󹖷󹖸󹖹󹖳 7. -   (  )
    ,              
     -      '     

    
    
󼖻󼖼󼖽󼖾󼖿󼗀󼗁󼗍󼗎󼗂󼗃󼗄󼗅󼗆󼗇󼗈󼗉󼗊󼗋󼗌    
- 


     

     

      
 
     
  
    
 
   
  
    - 
2
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨  :   
 ?
         -     
         , 
, 
,    
   
  '  (  , , )   
 
         '     
 ,            
 
  ,        -  
   -  
         
󷕘󷕙󷕚 
 ,         
 ,     
 ,     ,            
  ,           
 
            
  ,  
 ,               
  
,  
 ,           - 
   ' 
4.        
: -:   ?
-       ,         
   
   
       ,      
        ,      , 
      
         
   -     ?
   , "  ,    "     
       
  ,       
 

   -     

        -- 
2
   ?
       ,   "
  "   
       
    '   ,  1800          
,       '  
-    
-     :
         
  
 
 
 ; 
      
 
 
           ', 
 :
    ( ,         
   )
 -  :
    ( ,       
         )
   -       
     
   
           
  ,     -           
 
      - 
   ,       
,      ,        
 -  :
     
        
 ,   
    '         ,  
          
2
  
      :
1.  -     (    )
2. - 
 
3.  -      (    ,
   )
4.   -
          
     ,        
  :  
  
       
     
   
  ?
     
     
     
 
   
-   : 
    
     
  ,   
   
1.    
    '   
    
,  
  

2.        
   , -  -     
 :
2
o  =  , 
o  =  ,  
o  = ,  
3.     
 
        
,       
  
        :
      (      
 )
        ,     
           
  ,        (    ),  
            
   -      
  
  -   
    :
1.       
o   
          
  
2.     ,  
o  
  ,  ,          
            
  
  ?
3.     
o   (  - )    
   
           

2
-   
 
       
 
      
 =    +  (  )

-              
         
,     
      
            
 - 
        
                ,
 -                
   ,      
  
   
 
   
         ,   
  , 
    
  
 
 ... 
 

 
    
-
5.          
:   ?
   
  ,      , ,   
  

 -    , 
      
 , 
     , 

  ,    , 
 , 
       
 
    -  ""   
2
  
     

   ,   ,    
   , ,   -       
        
 
  :
"      
  
,    
'  "
 
 ?
    
:
   ,    ,    

  
,               
   ,    ,       
,         
  
:

 
  
  
 
    ,         '  
  
  
               
-               
   :
2
1.   (  )
  :
                  
     
      
:
                ' 
       
     ,      
,       
 ,      
               
   :
        '     ,  
  
 
     
      
        
2.   (   
)
  :
            ,    
              ,    
   
:
    ..         , 
     :
   ()    
   ()     
  :
            
           
   '     
2
3.   (   )
  :
            ,    ' 
        
:
         ,     
            ,     
        (  , ,   )
  :

      

    
           '   
4.   (  )
  :
      
          
  ,          
:
  ,  ,       '    
      
,        
  
   :
-   ( )
  

  
  :
  
       
          
  -          
2
5.   (  )
  :
          ,       
         
:
          
      

          
   ,      :
1.   ()
2.   (  )
3.   (  )
4.   (     )
  :
   
   -
  
-       
6.   (   )
  :
                 

 ,       ,     '    
 
     !
:
      
      
  
  
          

  :
     ,     
 ,    ,
     
2

  
     ,        
 
  
 
7.  (-      )
  :
                
,     

:
        
          
       
  :
      
  -  '   
     '       

       
 -        
          ,     
 
 ,     
   -         -  
  
-              
       ,   ,    
 
     ,  
           ,
 
  ,        
       
6.           
:-:    ?
   
    ,       ,    
   
  -      ,    ,  
2
   

  ,        
? 
 
           -     -  
        
            
           (  )   
    ,      
     
   
 
   :     
    ,    1900       
 ,   ,      
   
           ,    
              , 
     -           
       
  ?
 ,          
  :   
              
 1:   (  )
 () →     () ,    '   
      ,  
    (UCS)    
      
  
  -  (UCR)    
    ' 

 2:    
        -    
 ( ) →  
     '  

2
 3:    
,                 
:
 +    
    ,         
 4:   
 ,        
 (   ) →    (   )
     ! ,          ,   
,    (CS)  ,      (CR)  
      
      :
1.    (UCS):
     '         ( ,
)
2.    (UCR):
UCS     ( ,     )
3.   (NS):
        
 ( , )
4.   (CS):
     UCS    ,     
  ( ,    )
5.   (CR):
      ( ,    '  
)
 - :     
            
      
 (UCS)   ,  
   
(UCR)
2
  ,      (NS)
  ,      (CS)    (CR)   
 , 
  (CS)     (CR)    ,  
  !
 
      -  
-  (  )
  (  )    
  '   
1.  .     
1920 ,   .           
'           '  
               

     ,     (UCS)    
    (UCR)  
    ,       -     
,     (CS)   ,     
 (CR) 
 ,             
,        
     
1. 
           ( ,  +
)
2.  
    ()    ()  -    ,
    ()    
2
3. -  
 ,     ,           
      
4. 
    ( ,     )   
  
5. 
       ,  ' 
( ,  
    ' ,   ' 
)
      
1. :
          
 ,    (CS)    (CR)  
2. :
     (CR)      
    (CS)    
3.   :
         ,     
  
4.   :
         

 ,         -   
        

  
      -    
    '             
  ,                
         ,       ,
      
     ,         
             
2
, ,       ,     
   -    
-
7.   -    
: 󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 -:
   
            
           
      
          -       
      ,         
                
          -   
  ,         , 
  
  !
 -        -  
   ,    , ,    
󼨐󼨑󼨒   :
   ?
               ',  
:
  -  (  '  )    
     '    (     
,   , , , )
          
  :              
                ""
 
   :
- (       )
2
 (  )
 -
 
-   ?
-              
  

        :
   '  

    
  ( )   ( ) 
  : -   ,    ,     
  '   ,         -    


-   :
-  
 - 
- 
  -
- 
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳    :
      -   (  )   -
(-  )       (    ),  
   
  ( ):
               
        (    ) :
      (   '   )
   (  )
2
   (    )
     ,            
 -        
       
,        
  
 - (- ):
 ,  -        
 :
   (   '  
)
     (   ) '  
   (   )
   ,         -     
 
,       -  -    
 
󹸯󹸭󹸮   -    :

 
- 

        
 
     
 
    ()
    (, )
 
    
      

    ( 
  )
    

-, ,  -,

- , , -,
-
 

  ,   
   
   , ,   

2

 
- 
 

      

     ,  
  
󼨽󼨾󼨿󼩁󼩀    :
 1:    
       100    
      
      
    '   ,  
 -     
           ,  
 - -
      
 2:  

         ,  " ", "",
"",  ""    

   ( ) ,     
  

    - -        
    
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬    ?
   :
        '   
      
     
-   :
     

      
  , ,   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷    :
2
         ,    
 
-       -, ,    '
   
     ,        
 
  ,  ,      -   
 
  ,            

󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  :
      ,         
   
   ,     '   
         '   
-   4x4           
   "" ( ) '   , 
   !
     , 
         
    
 ,  ,  ,   
  -   -      
8.        :

90-94
1
85-89
4
80-84
2
75-79
8
70-74
6
65-69
9
60-64
14
55-59
6
50-54
4
2
45-49
3
40-44
3
=60
:󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 -:    
   
60           
            -   ( 
   )       9094, 8589,     
   ,         -        
  
    ,             ,  ,
          
 
   ,             
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤   ?
 ,           -      
  
   
          
  ,    
 -         
   
    
         

󹸯󹸭󹸮 --:     

         :
󷃆󼽢  1:     
         
  :

 (F)
6064
14 󹺁󹺂    
2
 ,   6064 
󷃆󼽢  2:     
  ,     :
:
L =     
f1 =    
f0 =       
f2 =       
h =  
󷃆󼽢  3:   
    
   
 : 6064
L ( ) = 59.5 (
        0.5

 )
h ( ) = 5 ( , 60–64 →  = 64 - 59 = 5)
f₁ (  ) = 14
f₀ (     , , 6569) = 9
f₂ (    , , 5559) = 6
󷃆󼽢  4:   
    :
2
 --  :
󷓠󷓡󷓢󷓣󷓤󷓥󷓨󷓩󷓪󷓫󷓦󷓧󷓬  :
 = 61.42
        ',        61.42  
󼨐󼨑󼨒   - 
       
       
              
    ,     60-64     
 ,   61.42 ,            
     -    
,     -    
 :
          (S, M, L)    
  -   
              
   - , 
󹳬󹳭󹳮󹳯󹳰󹳳󹳱󹳲 :  
 
     :
1.  =    -   
2.   , 
        
 
3. :
2
o   (   )
o  
o        
4.   :
5.      --  
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨      
  -         
   :   ,     6064 59.564.5 
 
      -    
     
 (  )
          ,     
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
               
 - 
          
    
 ,         ,     
  ,            
  ,           , 
   61.42   
      -   
          
"               

       ,         "